This research was to develop a comprehensive seed morphological, colorimetric, physiological and anatomical database for classifying eleven Salvia species into some statistically homogeneous groups, and to compare these groups with those stated in the Flora of Iran based  on the morphological characters of the same plant species. For this purpose, a total of 51 seed features, including the 8 morphological, 6 colorimetric, 34 physiological, and 3 anatomical seed traits, were selected and measured for all the Salvia species. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), conducted based on Squared Euclidean Distance and Ward's method, was able to classify the Salvia species into four and six groups depending upon the seed features used in the classification process. It is worth mentioning that the classification obtained in six groups based on the combination of seed morphological and colorimetric features were in agreement and very close to the classification of the same plant species mentioned in the Flora of Iran; while the four-group classifications resulted based on the seed physiological or anatomical features, or the combination of all the features together, were different than what stated in the Flora of Iran.

Salvia, hierarchical cluster analysis, classification, seed features.

Received: February 9, 2020; Accepted: March 12, 2020; Published: February 2, 2021

How to cite this article: Maryam Palizdar, Reza Tavakkol Afshari, Ziba Jamzad, Parisa Nejat Khah Manavi and Mohammadreza Ardakani, Classifying salvia species by hierarchical cluster analysis of their seed features, JP Journal of Biostatistics 18(1) (2021), 111-124. DOI: 10.17654/BS018010111

This Open Access Article is Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Reference:

[1] M. Forina and S. Lanteri, Data analysis in food chemistry, B. R. Kowalski, ed., Chemometrics, Mathematics and Statistics in Chemistry, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.
[2] A. C. Gören, T. Kiliç, T. Dirmenci and G. Bilsel, Chemotaxonomic evaluation of Turkish species of Salvia: fatty acid compositions of seed oils, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34 (2006), 160-164.
[3] H. Guoxiong, A. Takano, B. T. Drew, E. D. Liu, D. E. Soltis and P. S. Soltis, Phylogeny and staminal evolution of Salvia (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae) in East Asia, Annals of Botany 122 (2018), 649-668.
[4] Z. Jamzad, Salvia, In Lamiaceae, Flora of Iran, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran, 2012.
[5] JMicrovision Software, 2019, Retrieved from https://jmicrovision.github.io.
[6] A. D. Lesiak, R. B. Cody, A. J. Dane and R. A. Musah, Plant seed species identification from chemical fingerprints: a high-throughput application of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry 87(17) (2015), 8748-8757.
[7] B. E. Michel and M. R. Kaufmann, The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000, Plant Physiology 51 (1973), 914-916.
[8] M. Özcan, O. Tzakou and M. Couladis, Essential oil composition of Turkish herbal tea (Salvia aucheri Bentham var. canescens Boiss. and Heldr.), Flavour and Fragrance Journal 18 (2003), 325-327.
[9] D. Rivera, C. Obon and F. Cano, The botany, history and traditional uses of three-lobed sage (Salvia Fruticosa Miller) (Labiatae), Economic Botany 48 (1994), 190-195.
[10] W. Sun, O. Zhao, H. Zhao, M. Zhao and B. Yang, Volatile compounds of Cantonese sausage released at different stages of processing and storage, Food Chemistry 121(2) (2010), 319-325.
[11] A. Ulubelen and G. Topçu, Chemical and biological investigations of Salvia species growing in Turkey, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 20(F) (1997), 659-718.
[12] G. Willcox, The adoption of farming and the beginnings of the Neolithic in the Euphrates valley: cereal exploitation between the 12th and 8th millennia cal BC, S. Colledge and J. Conolly J, eds., The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, 2007.
[13] G. Willcox, The distribution, natural habitats and availability of wild cereals in relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14(4) (2005), 534-541.
[14] J. Yang, J. Lovett-Doust and L. Lovett-Doust, Seed germination patterns in green dragon (Arisaema dracontium, Araceae), American Journal of Botany 86(8) (1999), 1160-1167.
[15] D. Zohary, M. Hopf and E. Weiss, Domestication of plants in the old world, The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley, Oxford University Press, 2012.
[16] D. Mohamed, A. Abidi, I. Cheraif, T. Abdelaziz and N. Gherraf, Eco-extraction of essential oil of the species salvia officinal is L. systematic characterization and parametric modeling, World Journal of Environmental Biosciences 7(3) (2018), 55-62.
[17] M. Niazi, F. Yari and A. Shakarami, A review of medicinal herbs in the Lamiaceae family used to treat arterial hypertension, Entomology and Applied Science Letters 6(1) (2019), 22-37.
[18] S. Soomro and Sibgatullah A. A. M. Sangi, In vitro biological activity of ethanolic extract of maramiyah (salvia libanotica) and its combination with essential oil, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR) 9(2) (2019), 32-37.